Chloride passivation of SnO2 defects lifts carbon-based perovskite solar cell efficiency to 15.13%
Researchers at Nanjing Tech University have developed a potassium chloride (KCl)-modified tin oxide (SnO2) electron transport layer (ETL) that suppresses interfacial defects and improves crystallization in carbon-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The modification, introduced during a low-temperature chemical bath deposition (CBD) process, raised the champion device's power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 15.13%, a 7.22% improvement over an unmodified reference device, while also improving long-term stability.
SnO2 has become a popular alternative to TiO2 as an ETL in both rigid and flexible PSCs, thanks to its high ionic conductivity and favorable energy alignment with perovskite films. Chemical bath deposition is a common way to fabricate SnO2 layers because it operates at under 100°C, uses little energy, and scales well. However, aqueous CBD-grown SnO2 films tend to suffer from non-uniform grain sizes and a high density of defect states, including oxygen vacancies and undercoordinated Sn4+ sites that trap charge carriers and reduce open-circuit voltage. To address this, the team introduced KCl directly into the aqueous CBD growth process.


