What are perovskite?

Perovskites are a class of materials that share a similar structure, which display a myriad of exciting properties like superconductivity, magnetoresistance and more. These easily synthesized materials are considered the future of solar cells, as their distinctive structure makes them perfect for enabling low-cost, efficient photovoltaics. They are also predicted to play a role in next-gen electric vehicle batteries, sensors, lasers and much more.

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How does the PV market look today?

In general, Photovoltaic (PV) technologies can be viewed as divided into two main categories: wafer-based PV (also called 1st generation PVs) and thin-film cell PVs. Traditional crystalline silicon (c-Si) cells (both single crystalline silicon and multi-crystalline silicon) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) cells belong to the wafer-based PVs, with c-Si cells dominating the current PV market (about 90% market share) and GaAs exhibiting the highest efficiency.

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Thin-film cells normally absorb light more efficiently than silicon, allowing the use of extremely thin films. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) technology has been successfully commercialized, with more than 20% cell efficiency and 17.5% module efficiency record and such cells currently hold about 5% of the total market. Other commercial thin-film technologies include hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) cells, taking approximately 2% market share each today. Copper zinc tin sulphide technology has been under R&D for years and will probably require some time until actual commercialization.

What is a perovskite solar cell?

An emerging thin-film PV class is being formed, also called 3rd generation PVs, which refers to PVs using technologies that have the potential to overcome current efficiency and performance limits or are based on novel materials. This 3rd generation of PVs includes DSSC, organic photovoltaic (OPV), quantum dot (QD) PV and perovskite PV.

A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer. Perovskite materials such as methylammonium lead halides are cheap to produce and relatively simple to manufacture. Perovskites possess intrinsic properties like broad absorption spectrum, fast charge separation, long transport distance of electrons and holes, long carrier separation lifetime, and more, that make them very promising materials for solid-state solar cells.

Perovskite-solar-cell

Perovskite solar cells are, without a doubt, the rising star in the field of photovoltaics. They are causing excitement within the solar power industry with their ability to absorb light across almost all visible wavelengths, exceptional power conversion efficiencies already exceeding 20% in the lab, and relative ease of fabrication. Perovskite solar cells still face several challenge, but much work is put into facing them and some companies, are already talking about commercializing them in the near future.

What are the advantages of Perovskite solar cells?

Put simply, perovskite solar cells aim to increase the efficiency and lower the cost of solar energy. Perovskite PVs indeed hold promise for high efficiencies, as well as low potential material & reduced processing costs. A big advantage perovskite PVs have over conventional solar technology is that they can react to various different wavelengths of light, which lets them convert more of the sunlight that reaches them into electricity.

Moreover, they offer flexibility, semi-transparency, tailored form factors, light-weight and more. Naturally, electronics designers and researchers are certain that such characteristics will open up many more applications for solar cells.

What is holding perovskite PVs back?

Despite its great potential, perovskite solar cell technology is still in the early stages of commercialization compared with other mature solar technologies as there are a number of concerns remaining.

One problem is their overall cost (for several reasons, mainly since currently the most common electrode material in perovskite solar cells is gold), and another is that cheaper perovskite solar cells have a short lifespan. Perovskite PVs also deteriorate rapidly in the presence of moisture and the decay products attack metal electrodes. Heavy encapsulation to protect perovskite can add to the cell cost and weight. Scaling up is another issue - reported high efficiency ratings have been achieved using small cells, which is great for lab testing, but too small to be used in an actual solar panel.

A major issue is toxicity - a substance called PbI is one of the breakdown products of perovskite. This is known to be toxic and there are concerns that it may be carcinogenic (although this is still an unproven point). Also, many perovskite cells use lead, a massive pollutant. Researchers are constantly seeking substitutions, and have already made working cells using tin instead. (with efficiency at only 6%, but improvements will surely follow).

What’s next?

While major challenges indeed exist, perovskite solar cells are still touted as the PV technology of the future, and much development work and research are put into making this a reality. Scientists and companies are working towards increasing efficiency and stability, prolonging lifetime and replacing toxic materials with safer ones. Researchers are also looking at the benefits of combining perovskites with other technologies, like silicon for example, to create what is referred to as “tandem cells”.

Commercial activity in the field of perovskite PV

In September 2015, Australia-based organic PV and perovskite solar cell (PSC) developer Dyesol declared a major breakthrough in perovskite stability for solar applications. Dyesol claims to have made a significant breakthrough on small perovskite solar cells, with “meaningful numbers” of 10% efficient strip cells exhibiting less than 10% relative degradation when exposed to continuous light soaking for over 1000 hours. Dyesol was also awarded a $0.5 million grant from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) to commercialize an innovative, very high efficiency perovskite solar cell.

Also in 2015, Saule Technologies signed an investment deal with Hideo Sawada, a Japanese investment company. Saule aims to combine perovskite solar cells with other currently available products, and this investment agreement came only a year after the company was launched.

In October 2020, Saule launched sunbreaker lamellas equipped with perovskite solar cells. The product is planned to soon be marketed across across Europe and potentially go global after that.

In August 2020, reports out of China suggested that a perovskite photovoltaic cell production line has gone into production in Quzhou, east China's Zhejiang Province. The 40-hectare factory was reportedly funded by Microquanta Semiconductor and expected to produce more than 200,000 square meters of photovoltaic glass before the end of 2020.

In September 2020, Oxford PV's Professor Henry Snaith stated that the Company's perovskite-based solar cells are scheduled to go on sale next year, probably by mid 2021. These will be perovskite solar cells integrated with standard silicon solar cells.

 

The latest perovskite solar news:

Researchers design efficient perovskite-perovskite tandem solar cell based on tin-lead top device

Researchers from China's Wuhan University and South China Normal University have developed a two-terminal (2T) monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cell that uses a tin-lead (Sn-Pb) perovskite material for the top cell.

The team explained that mixed Sn-Pb perovskites have a narrow bandgap (NBG) of approximately 1.26 eV, which makes them ideal for efficient light harvesting and current-matching with wide bandgap (WBG) subcells in all-perovskite tandem cells.

Read the full story Posted: Apr 07,2024

Researchers design efficient perovskite-CIGS tandem solar cell on conductive steel substrate

Researchers at the University of Sydney, Microsolar, University of New South Wales and MiaSolé Hi-Tech Corp. have reported a monolithic perovskite–CIGS tandem solar cell on a flexible conductive steel substrate with an efficiency of 18.1%, the highest for a flexible perovskite–CIGS tandem to date, representing an important step toward flexible perovskite-based tandem photovoltaics.

The advantage of the flexible and conductive steel substrate is that the steel itself can act as both a substrate and an electrode for either large-area-monolithic-panel or smaller-area-singular single-junction or multi-junction cell fabrication.

Read the full story Posted: Apr 04,2024

Energy America partners with German manufacturer to introduce perovskite solar cell technology to product line

Energy America, a leading solar module manufacturer based in the USA, has announced a new partnership with a German manufacturing and R&D station to incorporate perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology into their product line. This move is expected to significantly increase the power and efficiency of Energy America's solar cells, while also promoting sustainable energy solutions.

By partnering with a German manufacturer and R&D station, Energy America is taking a major step towards incorporating this cutting-edge technology into their product line. While the manufacturing and research for the PSCs will be done in Germany, Energy America has made it clear that all module design will be performed in America. This partnership not only benefits Energy America, but also strengthens the relationship between the USA and Germany in the renewable energy sector.

Read the full story Posted: Apr 03,2024

Researchers use multifunctional hole transporting material to realize efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Researchers at China's Tsinghua University, Zurich University of Applied Sciences and University of Ferrara have developed a perovskite solar cell with a new hole transport material that promises enhanced efficiency and stability while also ensuring a scalable fabrication technique.

The team explained that the new organic hole-transporting material, named T2, offers a performance advantage over conventional materials like spiro-OMeTAD as its characteristics, including unique electronic, structural, and chemical properties, synergistically enhance the efficiency of hole extraction and significantly reduce charge recombination at the interface with the perovskite layer.

Read the full story Posted: Apr 02,2024

Researchers find ion-induced field screening to be a dominant factor in the operational stability of perovskite solar cells

Researchers at the University of Potsdam, Humboldt-University of Berlin, University of Wuppertal, Swansea University, University of Oxford, East China University of Science and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and HZB have shown that ion-induced field screening is a dominant factor in the operational stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCS). 

The rather poor perovskite stability is usually attributed to electronic defects, electrode oxidation, the ionic nature of the perovskite, or chemical decomposition under moisture and oxygen. Understanding the underlying degradation mechanism is crucial to enable targeted improvements. "In our article, we demonstrate that an increasing concentration of defects in the cells is apparently not a decisive factor for degradation," says Martin Stolterfoht, former leader of the Heisenberg junior research group PotsdamPero at the University of Potsdam and now professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Read the full story Posted: Mar 31,2024

Recent satellite launch includes perovskite solar cells for performance testing

On March 21, a rocket nicknamed “Cargo Dragon” was launched from Florida, marking the beginning of NASA’s 30th commercial resupply mission to the International Space Station. The 30 tons of cargo aboard included a special payload — the first CubeSat satellite built by a University of Nebraska–Lincoln team and launched into space.

As part of its CubeSat program, NASA in 2021 chose the Nebraska team to include its satellite experiment included as auxiliary payload aboard a future mission to the space station. A few months ago, NASA informed the Nebraska team that their CubeSat would be aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket scheduled for an early March launch. Big Red Sat-1 was one of four projects from U.S. universities selected for the program.

Read the full story Posted: Mar 30,2024

Researchers develop new technique for flexible perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency

High power conversion efficiency (PCE) flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) are highly desired power sources for applications like aerospace and flexible electronics. However, their PCEs still lag far behind their rigid counterparts. To address this issue, researchers from Tsinghua University and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology developed a new fabrication technique that increases the efficiency of FPSCs, paving the way for use of the technology on a much larger scale. The scientists reported a high PCE flexible perovskite solar cell by controllable growth of a SnO2 electron transport layer through constant pH chemical bath deposition (CBD). 

The team developed a new chemical bath deposition (CBD) method of depositing tin oxide (SnO2) on a flexible substrate without requiring a strong acid, which many flexible substrates are sensitive to. The new technique allowed the researchers more control over tin oxide growth on the flexible substrate. Tin oxide serves as an electron transport layer in the FPSC, which is critical for power conversion efficiency.

Read the full story Posted: Mar 28,2024

Researchers design perovskite solar cell with 31.31% efficiency using unique perovskite material

Researchers from Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, USA, Nepal and China have explored the fascinating structural, optical, and electronic features of calcium nitrogen iodide (Ca3NI3) as an attractive material for developing absorbers for efficient and reasonably priced solar cells. 

Potential applications as an absorber layer in heterostructure solar cells for the perovskite material Ca3NI3 have been thoroughly studied theoretically. For the Ca3NI3 absorber-based cell structure with CdS as the ETL layer, the best PV values were discovered using the SCAPS-1D simulator. Working temperatures, interface densities of active materials, doping densities, and layer thicknesses were all carefully considered while analyzing the PV performance. 

Read the full story Posted: Mar 27,2024

Maxwell launches HJT perovskite tandem cell equipment facility

It was reported that solar production equipment maker Maxwell recently held the groundbreaking ceremony for its HJT perovskite tandem cell equipment facility, located in Wujiang District, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. 

The company is investing about RMB 5.4 billion ($750.16 million) in the facility focused on research and manufacturing of next-generation HJT perovskite tandem cells. The construction is scheduled to be completed within 2 years.

Read the full story Posted: Mar 26,2024

Researchers use DMAFo additive to make better perovskite solar cells

Researchers from the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Colorado (CU Boulder) have reported an innovative method to manufacture perovskite solar cells. 

A major challenge in commercializing perovskite solar cells at a commercial scale is the process of coating the semiconductor onto the glass plates which are the building blocks of panels. Currently, the coating process has to take place in a small box filled with non-reactive gas, such as nitrogen, to prevent the perovskites from reacting with oxygen, which decreases their performance. “This is fine at the research stage. But when you start coating large pieces of glass, it gets harder and harder to do this in a nitrogen filled box,” said Michael McGehee, a professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and fellow with CU Boulder’s Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute. 

Read the full story Posted: Mar 22,2024